When I began this column a little over a year ago, my goal was to trace how contemporary writers are thinking about climate change. That alone, I thought, was a worthy objective – I did not hope to find stories that could literally change minds.

Then I read Richard Powers’s The Overstory, out last month from W. W. Norton & Company.

This is the National Book Award-winning author’s twelfth novel, and it might be his finest. It follows the lives of nine unique protagonists (an artist, a Vietnam vet, and seven others) and their profound encounters with trees. It culminates in the Pacific Northwest, where all nine convene to protest the destruction of the region’s redwood forests. Violence ensues, but so does their message that the natural world is worth fighting for.

This beautiful book, for all its literary merit, is also an ode to activism. I recently spoke to Richard about what inspired The Overstory and what he sees as the legacy of the Pacific Northwest timber wars.

Amy Brady: What inspired this gorgeous novel about the relationships between humans and nature?

Richard Powers: I was teaching at Stanford and living in Palo Alto, in the heart of Silicon Valley. Just to one side of me was one of the greatest concentrations of wealth and technological might in history: the corporate HQs of Google, Apple, Intel, HP, Facebook, eBay, Cisco, Tesla, Oracle, Netflix, and so many more. To the other side were the Santa Cruz mountains, covered in redwoods. When the scramble for the future down in the valley was too much for me, I would head up to walk in the woods. These were the forests that had been clear-cut to build San Francisco, and it seemed to me that they had grown back wonderfully. But one day, I came across a single tree that had, for whatever reason, escaped the loggers. It was the width of a house, the length of a football field, and as old as Jesus or Caesar. Compared to the trees that had so impressed me, it was like Jupiter is to the Earth.

I began to imagine what they must have looked like, those forests that would not return for centuries, if ever. It seemed to me that we had been at war for a long time, trees and people, and I wondered if it might be possible for things ever to go any other way. Within a few months, I quit my job at Stanford and devoted myself full time to writing The Overstory.

Amy Brady: A good part of this book takes place during the timber wars of the 1990s. What are your thoughts on this moment in history? Can its legacy still be felt among activists and/or the logging industry?

Richard Powers: The period from the late 1980s to the early 2000s was a remarkable and revolutionary moment. America woke up to the fact that 95 percent of its supposedly inexhaustible forests had been cut, and that the last five percent were slated to be felled. People who were not activists and who had never fought in public for anything were moved to put themselves in often violent situations to stand up for the rights of things that many others considered a God-given resource. The few remaining pockets of uncut forest in the Northwest are a testimony to this confrontation.

Sadly, the larger and longer historical meaning of this period is more ambiguous. A belief in human exceptionalism and human dominance dies hard. Donald Trump, Ryan Zinke, and Scott Pruitt are spokesman for those who feel that the environmentalist victories of the last quarter century, as limited as they were, need to be rolled back. And they are rolling them back with a vengeance. In the last year, this administration has undone much of the environmental protection that it took half a century of concerted political will to create.

We have yet to figure out how to live here, in this world.

Amy Brady: I was deeply moved by Nick’s story – his continuation of a project started by his grandfather, wherein every month he’d take a picture of a single tree. This story illustrates beautifully the idea that we can gain a wealth of knowledge about ourselves and nature by living on a single piece of land for a long length of time. Do you think Americans have lost anything by becoming more geographically mobile over the last century?

Richard Powers: The causes of our estrangement from our “local habitation” may run even deeper than our runaway mobility. There’s something in the leveling tsunami of commodity individualism that works hard to make all places interchangeable. At the same time, we are migrating farther and farther into digital, virtual place. The stories we tell about ourselves are becoming increasingly place-independent. (The next time you read a piece of literary fiction, ask yourself how important it is to know where the story takes place.)

Something in us wants to rationalize place, to master and manage it, to make all the vegetation grow in straight lines. Few people know their homes well enough to say whether the specific trees and plants surrounding them are natives or invasive. Think how far we’ve come from those times when an intimate knowledge of the local plant life was a matter of life and death. Acquiring tree consciousness, a precondition for learning how to live here on Earth, means learning what things grow and thrive here, independently of us. As Wendell Berry suggests in his poem, “In A Country Once Forested,” the soil remembers, even under the concrete. In certain very real, biological terms, that is literally true.

Amy Brady: Your book suggests that connections between humans and the natural world become most visible only after decades, even centuries, have passed. I was struck by that suggestion, because it’s been said that climate change is the result of our species’ failure to see how our actions have affected the planet in our own individual time periods. It’s only after years of analysis that a pattern has begun to emerge. At a time when the effects of climate change have become more visible than ever, do you think we’re getting better at noticing – and hopefully understanding – the effects of our activity on Earth’s ecosystems?

Richard Powers: We are phenomenally bad at experiencing, estimating, and conceiving of time. Our brains are shaped to pay attention to rapid movements against stable backgrounds, and we’re almost blind to the slower, broader background drift. The technologies that we have built to defeat time – writing and recording and photographing and filming – can impair our memory (as Socrates feared) and collapse us even more densely into what psychologists call the “specious present,” which seems to get shorter all the time. Plants’ memory and sense of time is utterly alien to us. It’s almost impossible for a person to wrap her head around the idea that there are bristlecone pines in the White Mountains of California that have been slowly dying since before humans invented writing.

Paradoxically, our drive to build machines that perform billions of calculations a second has enabled us, for the first time, to begin to model events on scales of time far outside our own and to translate and visualize the changes that take place in ecosystems at the speed of trees. That’s why Silicon Valley also plays an important a role in The Overstory. If there’s any hope of human survival, it probably lies in our “descendants” teaching us to see, if not to feel, the scales of time our “ancestors” operate in.

Amy Brady: Trees loom large in our collective popular imagination. They are frequently depicted as sentient beings in fantasy stories. Environmental activists are called “tree huggers.” In many books, movies, and songs, artists use trees to signify family roots and the passing of time. What is it about trees that continues to fascinate us?

Richard Powers: The design of branches growing out of a woody trunk is so spectacular and successful a template that evolution has reinvented it again and again, independently, on many separate occasions. Trees are among the very largest, longest-lived, most successful, and most collaboratively social forms of life on the planet. They live, all at once, in the sky, on the surface, and under the ground. They make the atmosphere, filter the Earth’s waters, and help to regulate the temperature. (Deforestation, by the way, is the second largest contributor to greenhouse gasses, after burning fossil fuel.)

As the Buddha is reputed to have said, a forest is an extraordinary organism of unlimited kindness and generosity that asks for nothing and gives copious food, shelter, protection, shade, and wealth to all comers, even to the men who cut it down. The hundred thousand species of Earth’s trees are endlessly inventive and varied, and they are so damn beautiful it can hurt to look at them. They talk to and nourish one another, remember the past, and predict the future. What’s not to love?

Amy Brady: Given scientists’ many dire predictions about the future of humanity in the face of climate change and various human-made environmental disasters, where was your mind set when you set out to write this book? Did you approach it from a place of hope? From despair?

Richard Powers: I like Gramsci’s formulation: Pessimism of the intellect, optimism of the will. But the essential question, when talking of hope and despair, is: Hope or despair for what? Trees have survived cataclysmic changes in climate and several periods of mass extinction, and it’s a good bet that many will survive our current, man-made Holocene extinction. I’m very hopeful for trees.

And I am equally certain that commodity individualism, a thing we’ve assimilated so deeply that it feels as inexorable as death, will not outlast an ordinary white oak that you might plant today. That isn’t, for me, a cause of despair. One way or another, we humans are on our way to becoming something else. The question is rather how gracefully or how violently we make that Ovidian metamorphosis. We will learn, as Thoreau says, to resign ourselves to the influence of the earth, or we will disappear. I don’t know how to calculate those odds. This afternoon, we’re tipped quite hard toward violence.

Amy Brady: What’s next for you?

Richard Powers: Writing The Overstory quite literally changed my life, starting with where and how I live. Researching the book, I visited the Smokies, home to the largest tracts of remaining old growth forest east of the Rockies, with six kinds of forest and more species of trees than there are in all of Europe. I ended up staying, and I’ve lived for the last two years in this, one of the last refuges of biodiversity on the continent. Here, walking a trail has become as important to me as writing.

The Overstory is my twelfth published novel. In the past, when I finished a book, I was always ready and excited to go on to a new topic – something new and different from anything I’d written about before. Now I just want to walk, look, listen, breathe, and write this same book, again and again, from different aspects and elevations, with characters as old and large as I am able to imagine.

FICTION
The Overstory by Richard Powers, W. W. Norton & Company, published April 3, 2018.

Richard Powers is the author of twelve novels. His novel The Echo Maker won the 2006 National Book Award for Fiction. He is also the recipient of many other awards, including a MacArthur Fellowship.

Reprinted with permission of Amy Brady and Chicago Review of Books, a Yale Climate Connections content-sharing partner.